GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
(a) Highly potent
(b) Highly efficacious
(c) Highly toxic
(d) Highly selective
152. The therapeutic index of a drug is a measure of its
(a) Safety
(b) Potency
(c) Efficacy
(d) Dose variability
153. If the effect of combination of two drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effects, the two drugs are exhibiting
(a) Potentiation
(b) Synergism
(c) Cross tolerance
(d) Antagonism
154. The antagonism between adrenaline and histamine is called ‘Physiological antagonism’ because
(a) Both are physiologically present in the body
(b) They act on physiological receptors
(c) Both affect many physiological processes
(d) They have opposite physiological effects
155. A drug ‘R’ producing no response by itself causes the log dose-response curve of another drug ‘S’ to shift to the right in a parallel manner without decreasing the maximal response : Drug ‘R’ is a
(a) Partial agonist
(b) Inverse agonist
(c) Competitive antagonist
(d) Noncompetitive antagonist
156. A drug which does not produce any action by itself but decreases the slope of the log dose-response curve and suppresses the maximal response to another drug is a
(a) Physiological antagonist
(b) Competitive antagonist
(c) Noncompetitive antagonist
(d) Partial agonist
157. A drug which is generally administered in standard doses without the need for dose individualization is
(a) Insulin
(b) Mebendazole
(c) Prednisolone
(d) Digoxin
158. A fixed dose combination preparation meant for internal use must not contain the following class of drug
(a) Thiazide diuretic
(b) Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial
(c) Corticosteroid
(d) H2 blocker
159. Interindividual variations in equieffective doses of a drug are most marked if it is disposed by
(a) glomerular filtration
(b) Tubular secretion
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Hepatic metabolism
160. The pharmacokinetics of drugs in the neonate differs from that in adults, because their
(a) Intestinal transit is fast
(b) Glomerular filtration rate is high
(c) Tubular transport mechanisms are not well developed
(d) Drug metabolizing enzymes are overactive
161. Pharmacodynamic tolerance may involve changes in _____of drug receptors
(a) Number
(b) Affinity
(c) Function
(d) All the above
162. Drug metabolism can be induced by the following factors except
(a) Cigarette smoking
(b) Acute alcohol ingestion
(c) Exposure to insecticides
(d) Consumption of charcoal boiled meat
163. Which of the following is true of placebos
(a) Placebo is a dummy medication
(b) Placebo is the inert material added to the drug for making tablets
(c) Placebos do not produce any effect
(d) All patients respond to placebos
164. In patients of hepatic cirrhosis
(a) The extent of change in pharmacokinetics of drugs can be predicted from the values of liver function tests
(b) High doses of furosemide can be safely used
(c) Metformin is the preferred oral hypoglycemic
(d) Disposition of atenolol is not significantly affected
165. An undesirable effect of a drug that occurs at therapeutic doses and can be predicted from its pharmacological actions is called
(a) Side effect
(b) Toxic effect
(c) Allergic reaction
(d) Idiosyncrasy
166. Which of the following is a type II (unpredictable) adverse drug reaction
(a) Side effect
(b) Toxic effect
(c) Idiosyncrasy
(d) Physical dependence
167. A ‘toxic effect’ differs from a ‘side effect’ in that
(a) It is not a pharmacological effect of the drug
(b) It is a more intense pharmacological effect that occurs at high dose or after prolonged medication
(c) It must involve drug induced cellular injury
(d) It involves host defense mechanisms
168. Which of the following statements is true in relation to ‘drug toxicity’ and ‘poisoning’
(a) The two terms are synonymous
(b) When a toxic effect requires specific treatment, it is called poisoning
(c) A toxic effect which endangers life by markedly affecting vital functions is called poisoning
(d) Toxicity is caused by drugs while poisoning is caused by other harmful chemicals
169. The most vulnerable period of pregnancy for the causation of foetal malformations due to drugs is
(a) 18–55 days of gestation
(b) 56–84 days of gestation
(c) Second trimester
(d) 36 weeks onwards
170. Which of the following is a proven human teratogen
(a) Chloroquine
(b) Warfarin sodium
(c) Dicyclomine
(d) Methyldopa
171. Select the drug which has been found to be a strong human teratogen
(a) Isoniazid
(b) Isotretinoin
(c) Hydralazine
(d) Propylthiouracil
172. Oral route
(a) Yields better absorption than parenteral administration for majority of drugs
(b) Should be avoided in the recumbent position
(c) Has no demerit
(d) Produces quick onset of action
173. Intramuscular route
(a) Always produces faster absorption than oral route
(b) Can be used to inject mild irritants
(c) In a child is made into the gluteus maximus muscle
(d) Can be used to inject a volume of 15 ml
174. Advantage of sublingual route include the following except
(a) It has a rapid onset of action
(b) Spitting out the tablet can terminate its action
(c) Its usefulness is limited to treat local conditions
(d) It avoids first pass hepatic metabolism
175. First pass metabolism
(a) Can increase the oral bio-availability of the drug
(b) Occurs only in the liver
(c) Is higher on intravenous administration
(d) Necessitates high oral dose for certain drugs
176. Bio-transformation
(a) Renders the drug more lipid soluble
(b) Can be altered by drugs
(c) Is necessary for all drugs for their elimination
(d) Takes place only in the liver
177. Entry of a drug in the central nervous system is enhanced if the drug is
(a) Ionized
(b) More lipid soluble
(c) Given intravenously
(d) Highly plasma protein bound
178. Kinetic processes of elimination for a large number of drugs is
(a) First order
(b) First order followed by zero order
(c) Zero order followed by first order
(d) Zero order
179. A drug is said to be potent when
(a) It produces maximal response
(b) The amount needed to produce a certain response is less
(c) It produces minimal/no side effects
(d) It has a rapid onset of action
180. Spare receptors are often found among drugs that elicit
(a) Smooth muscle contraction
(b) Smooth muscle relaxation
(c) Secretion
(d) Cardiac stimulation
181. What is the best criterian for judging the therapeutic superiority of a drug over its congeners?
(a) Potency
(b) Wide range of activity
(c) Efficacy
(d) Variability
182. pKa of a compound
(a) Is the pH of solution at which the compound is 50% ionized
(b) Is the pH of compound at which it is 50% ionized
(c) Is the time in which the compound is ionized
(d) Is the time in which total compound is ionized
183. Pharmacokinetics is
(a) The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
(b) The study of biological and therapeutic effects of the drugs
(c) The method of development of new pharmacological agent
(d) The study of carcinogenic activity of a new drug
184. In which form the drug is absorbed more rapidly?
(a) In aqueous solution
(b) In suspension
(c) In oily solution
(d) In solid form
185. Alcohol is rapidly absorbed from the intestine because
(a) It is lipid soluble and non-electrolyte
(b) It is lipid soluble and highly ionised
(c) It is absorbed by active transport
(d) It is not absorbed quickly
186. After intramuscular injection, the drugs
(a) In oily solution are more rapidly absorbed
(b) In aqueous solution are more rapidly absorbed
(c) Suspended in various repository vehicles are more rapidly absorbed
(d) All solutions are rapidly absorbed
187. Bio-availability of a drug is
(a) The percentage of drug released from a formulation that becomes available for biological effect
(b) The percentage of drug that is ionized from a formulation
(c) The net amount of actual therapeutic agent present in the formulation
(d) The dose of a drug by which 50% animals show signs of toxicity
188. The absorption time of a drug can be reduced by
(a) Making a more soluble salt – for oral
(b) By using hyaluronidase – for injection
(c) By using vasoconstrictor substances
(d) By giving combination of drugs
189. Reduction of heavy metal toxicity by dimercaprol is an example of
(a) Chemical antagonist
(b) Physiological antagonist
(c) Pharmacokinetic antagonist
(d) Antagonism by receptor block
190. Which of the following drugs is primarily stored in the natural fat of the body
(a) Primaquine
(b) Acetyl salicylic acid
(c) Thiopentone
(d) Vitamin C
191. Bio-transformation of the drugs is to render them
(a) Less lipid soluble
(b) More protein bound
(c) Less ionized
(d) Less protein bound
192. Drug metabolism occurs chiefly in
(a) Liver
(b) Brain
(c) Spleen
(d) Kidneys
193. For renal excretion the factors important are
(a) Extent of plasma protein binding of drugs
(b) Glomerular filtration rate
(c) Active renal tubular reabsorption
(d) All of the above
194. If tubular urine is made more acid
(a) Excretion of weak acid is reduced
(b) Excretion of weak acid is increased
(c) Excretion of weak base is increased
(d) Excretion of weak base is reduced
195. Simultaneous administration of two drugs may – (select the false statement)
(a) Show an additive effect
(b) Produce synergism
(c) Result in antagonism
(d) Produce any of above phenomena
196. The advantages of bio-assay over chemical assay include – (select false statement)
(a) It is cheaper
(b) The active principal does not have to be known
(c) The active principal does not have to be in a pure state
(d) The sensitivity may be greater
197. In presence of competitive antagonist
(a) The maximum response of agonist can never be achieved
(b) The maximum can be achieved by increasing the concentration activity
(c) Maximum can be achieved only if the antagonist is having intrinsic activity
(d) None of the above
198. The receptor concept was first introduced by
(a) J.N. Langley in 1878
(b) Paul Ehrlich in 1926
(c) Somonis in 1964
(d) Wakesman in 1826
199. True tolerance develops because of
(a) Diminition in absorption
(b) Rapid excretion of the drug
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above
200. Two drugs binding to the same receptors is
(a) Chemical antagonism
(b) Pharmacokinetic antagonism
(c) Competitive antagonism
(d) Non-competitive antagonism
ANSWERS
151. d
152. a
153. b
154. d
155. c
156. c
157. b
158. c
159. d
160. c
161. d
162. b
163. a
164. d
165. a
166. c
167. b
168. c
169. a
170. b
171. b
172. b
173. b
174. c
175. d
176. b
177. b
178. a
179. b
180. a
181. b
182. a
183. a
184. a
185. a
186. b
187. a
188. a
189. a
190. b
191. a
192. a
193. d
194. a
195. d
196. a
197. b
198. a
199. d
200. c
161. d Pharmacodynamic tolerance involves multiple mechanism such as number, affinity and function of receptors.
180. a Spare receptors are generally found whenever a receptor acts catalytically and not stoichiometrically. Hence, they are generally found among drugs, which elicit smooth muscle contraction.
189. a Dimercaprol interacts directly with heavy metals in blood and tissue fluids and prevents binding of heavy metals to cellular constituents. Dimercaprol forms an inactive complex with heavy metals.
200. c Two drugs binding to the same receptor is an example of competitive antagonism and effect of one drug can be decreased by increasing the concentration of other drug.
180. a Spare receptors are generally found whenever a receptor acts catalytically and not stoichiometrically. Hence, they are generally found among drugs, which elicit smooth muscle contraction.
189. a Dimercaprol interacts directly with heavy metals in blood and tissue fluids and prevents binding of heavy metals to cellular constituents. Dimercaprol forms an inactive complex with heavy metals.
200. c Two drugs binding to the same receptor is an example of competitive antagonism and effect of one drug can be decreased by increasing the concentration of other drug.
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