GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY.

21. Which of the following agents is a prodrug that is much less toxic in mammals than in insects ?

(a) Acetylcholine

(b) Bethanechol

(d) Pilocarpine

(e) Neostigmine

22. Phenylephrine causes

(a) Constriction of vessels in the nasal mucosa

(b) Increased gastric secretion and motility

(d) Miosis

(e) All of the above

23. Pretreatment with propranolol will block which one of the following ?

(a) Methacholine-induced tachycardia

(b) Nicotine-induced hypertension

(d) Phenylephrine-induced mydriasis

24. Most drug receptors are

(a) Small molecules with a molecular weight between 100 and 1000

(b) Lipids arranged in a bilayer configuration

(d) DNA molecules

(e) RNA molecules

25. With regard to distribution of a drug from the blood into tissues

(a) Blood flow to the tissue is an important determinant

(b) Solubility of the drug in the tissue is an important determinant

(d) Size (volume) of the tissue is an important determinant

(e) All of the above are important determinants

26. The pH value is calculated mathematically as the

(a) Log of the hydroxyl ion (OH– ) concentration

(b) Negative log of the OH– concentration

(d) Negative log of the H+ concentration

(e) Ratio of H+ /OH– concentration

27. Which property is classified as colligative?

(a) Solubility of a solute

(b) Osmotic pressure

(d) Dissociation of a solute

(e) Miscibility of the liquids

28. The colligative properties of a solution are related to the

(a) pH of the solution

(b) Number of ions in the solution

(d) Number of unionized molecules in the solution

(e) pKa of the solution

29. The pH of a buffer system can be calculated with the

(a) Noyes – Whitney equation

(b) Henderson – Hassel Balch equation

(d) Yong equation

(e) Stokes equation

30. Which mechanism is most often responsible for chemical degradation?

(a) Racemization

(b) Photolysis

(d) Decarboxylation

(e) Oxidation

31. Which equation is used to predict the stability of a drug product at room temperature from experiments at accelerated temperature?

(a) The stokes equation

(b) The Yong equation

(d) The Michaels – Menten equation

(e) The Hixson – Crowell equation

32. Based on the relation between the degree of ionization and the solubility of a weak acid, the drug aspirin (pKa 3.49) will be most soluble at

(a) pH 1.0

(b) pH 2.0

(d) pH 4.0

(e) pH 6.0

33. The particle size of the dispersed solid in a suspension is usually greater than

(a) 0.5 µm

(b) 0.4 µm

(d) 0.2 µm

(e) 0.1 µm

34. In the extemporaneous preparation of a suspension, levigation is used to (a) Reduce the zeta potential (b) Avoid bacterial growth (c) Reduce particle size (d) Enhance viscosity (e) Reduce viscosity

35. Active transport differs from facilitated transport in following ways, except (a) Carrier is involved (b) It is against concentration gradient (c) Energy is required (d) All of the above

36. Vanishing cream is an ointment that may be classified as

(a) A water –soluble base

(b) An oleaginous base

(d) An emulsion base

(e) An oleic base

37. Rectal suppositories intended for adult use usually weigh approximately

(a) 1g

(b) 2g

(d) 4g

(e) 5g

38. In the fusion method of making cocoa butter suppositories, which substance is most likely to be used to lubricate the mold?

(a) Mineral oil

(b) Propylene glycol

(d) Stearic acid

(e) Magnesium silicate

39. A very fine powdered chemical is defined as one that

(a) Completely passes through a # 80 sieve

(b) Completely passes through a # 120 sieve

(d) Passes through a # 60 sieve and not more than 40% through a # 100 sieve

(e) Passes through a # 40 sieve and not more than 60% through a # 60 sieve

40. Which technique is typically used to mill camphor?

(a) Trituration

(b) Levigation

(d) Geometric dilution

(e) Attrition

41. Which type of paper best protects a divided hygroscopic powder?

(a) Waxed paper

(b) Glassine

(d) Blue bond

(e) Vegetable parchment

42. Which capsule size has the smallest capacity?

(a) 5

(b) 4

(d) 0

(e) 000

43. The shells of soft gelatin capsules may be made elastic or plastic–like by the addition of

(a) Sorbitol

(b) Povidone

(d) Lactose

(e) pKa of the solution

44. Nonionic surface-active agents used as synthetic emulsifiers include

(a) Tragacanthin

(b) Sodium lauryl sulphate

(a) A volatile oil is added to a powder mixture

(b) Colored substances (dyes) are mixed into a powder

(a) Individual-dose packets

(b) A bulk container

(a) Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

(b) Carboxymethyl cellulose

(c) Cellulose acetate phthalate

48. For each tablet processing problem listed below, select the most likely reason for the condition

(a) Excessive moisture (1) Picking in the granulation

(b) Entrapment of air (2) Mottling

(d) Degraded drug (4) Sticking

(e) Tablet hardness

49. For each description of a comminution procedure below, select the process that it best describes

(a) Trituration

(b) Spatulation

(d) Pulverization by intervention

(e) Tumbling

(1) Rubbing or grinding a substance in a mortar that has a rough inner surface

(2) Reducing and subdividing a substance by adding an easily removable solvent

(3) adding a suitable agent to form a paste and then rubbing or grinding the paste in mortar

50. Match the drug product below with the type of controlled-release dosage form that it represents

(a) Matrix device ( 1) Biphenamine Capsules

(b) Ion-exchange (2) Thorazineresin complex Spansule Capsules

(d) Osmotic system (4) Slow - K

(e) Coated granules

ANSWERS

21. a

22. a

23. a

24. c

25. e

26. d

27. b

28. c

29. b

30. c

31. c

32. e

33. a

34. c

35. a

36. d

37. b

38. a

39. b

40. c

41. a

42. a

43. a

44. a

45. c

46. a

47. c

48. 1. a, 2. d, 3. b, 4. a

49. 1. a, 2. d, 3. c

50. 1. b, 2. e, 3. c, 4. a

EXPLAINATIONS ANSWER

35. a Facilitated diffusion differs from active transport in that it does not require energy source and it carries the transport in the direction of electrochemical gradient.