GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
251. Which one of the following is a Phase II – Drug metabolizing reaction
(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction
(c) Acetylation
(d) All the above
252. The metabolic reaction which makes the metabolite of codeine more Pharmacologically potent analgesic is
252. The metabolic reaction which makes the metabolite of codeine more Pharmacologically potent analgesic is
(a) Dealkylation
(b) Oxidation
(c) Deamination
(d) All the above
253. Prodrug
253. Prodrug
(a) Facilitates absorption and distribution of drugs with poor lipid solubility
(b) Increases the duration of action of drugs that are rapidly eliminated
(c) Promotes Site specific delivery of drugs
(d) All the above
254. The removal of oxygen or an alteration in a drug which leads to a decrease in the proportion of oxygen in the drug compound is known as
(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction
(c) Hydrolysis
(d) All the above
255. Excipients are
255. Excipients are
(a) Pharmacologically inert substances
(b) Used to mask an unpleasant taste
(c) Used to increase solubility or stability to the agent
(d) Employed to add bulk to the active agent used in small quantities
(e) All the aboves
256. Bio-assay is used to
256. Bio-assay is used to
(a) Determine the relationship between the dose administered and the magnitude of response
(b) Determine the potency of a new agent compared with that of an established drug
(c) Determine the relationship between the doses producing a desired effect and those eliciting undesirable or toxic effect
(d) All the above
(e) None of the above
257. Which of the following endogenous compounds undergo methylation ?
257. Which of the following endogenous compounds undergo methylation ?
(a) Histamine
(b) Estradiol
(c) Thyroxine
(d) All the above
(e) None of the above
258. Which one of the following statements regarding glucuronide conjugation is not correct
258. Which one of the following statements regarding glucuronide conjugation is not correct
(a) The most frequently occurring reactions
(b) The conjugating agent is glucuronic acid, C6H10O6
(c) The glucuronide are rapidly eliminated in the urine
(d) The glucuronides are also secreted in the bile, but this does not always lead to their elimination in the feces
(e) All the above
(f) None of the above
259. Which of the following therapeutic systems provides continuous, unattended, controlled drug input for a long period without gastrointestinal or hepatic drug inactivation prior to systemic circulation ?
259. Which of the following therapeutic systems provides continuous, unattended, controlled drug input for a long period without gastrointestinal or hepatic drug inactivation prior to systemic circulation ?
(a) Parenteral
(b) Oral
(c) Transdermal
(d) All the above
(c) None of the above
260. The translocation of a solute from one side of a biologic barrier to the other side and the transferred solute appearing in the same form on both side of the biological barrier is known as
260. The translocation of a solute from one side of a biologic barrier to the other side and the transferred solute appearing in the same form on both side of the biological barrier is known as
(a) Bioavailability
(b) Biotransport
(c) Bioequivalence
(d) None of the
261. Guanine nucleotides bind to the ______ subunit of G-proteins
261. Guanine nucleotides bind to the ______ subunit of G-proteins
(a) α
(b) β
(c) γ
(d) All the above
262. Pharmacodynamics include
262. Pharmacodynamics include
(a) The biological effects produced by chemicals
(b) The site/s and mechanism by which the biological effects are produced
(c) The factors that effect the safety and effectiveness of the agent
(d) All the above
(e) None of the above
263. The person who set forth the principles that drugs are effective only after reaching a responsive tissue and that there is a relationship between the structure of drugs and the effects that they produce
263. The person who set forth the principles that drugs are effective only after reaching a responsive tissue and that there is a relationship between the structure of drugs and the effects that they produce
(a) Paracelsus
(b) William Harvey
(c) James Blake
(d) Rudolf Boeheim
(e) None of the above
264. The great scientist who explained the circulation of the blood to the world which signaled of the beginning of the scientific study of the medical sciences was
264. The great scientist who explained the circulation of the blood to the world which signaled of the beginning of the scientific study of the medical sciences was
(a) Paracelsus
(b) William Harvey
(c) James Blake
(d) Rudolf Buccheim
(e) None of the above
265. All the below mentioned drugs cause enzyme inhibition in man except one
265. All the below mentioned drugs cause enzyme inhibition in man except one
(a) Acetazolamide
(b) Allopurinol
(c) Meprobamate
(d) Disulfiram
(e) Selegiline
266. All the below mentioned drugs cause enzyme induction in man except one
266. All the below mentioned drugs cause enzyme induction in man except one
(a) Phenytoin
(b) Phenobarbitone
(c) Griseofulvine
(d) Enalapril
(e) Rifampicin
267. Cimetidine potentiates the action of propranol, theophylline, warfarin and phenytoin because
267. Cimetidine potentiates the action of propranol, theophylline, warfarin and phenytoin because
(a) It causes deficiency of G - 6–PD
(b) It blocks the H2 – histaminergic receptors
(c) It is an inhibitor of microsomal P–450
(d) None of the above
268. The incidence of adverse drug reaction rises with age in the adult, especially after 65 years because of
268. The incidence of adverse drug reaction rises with age in the adult, especially after 65 years because of
(a) The increasing number of drugs they need to take because they tend to have multiple diseases
(b) Poor compliance with dosing regimens
(c) Bodily changes of aging that require modification of dosage regimens
(d) All the above (e) None of the above
269. Agranulocytosis is
269. Agranulocytosis is
(a) Virtual absence from the blood of white cells known as neutrophils
(b) It is a life-threatening conditions that results from toxic damage to the bone-marrow by some drugs
(c) Can be treated with antibiotics and sometimes transfusion of white blood cells
(d) All the above
270. Characteristically following oral administration to a man, drugs
270. Characteristically following oral administration to a man, drugs
(a) Are absorbed readily when in the unionized rather than in the ionized form
(b) Are absorbed primarily in the intestine
(c) Cross membranes mainly by simple diffusion
(d) With high lipid solubility readily penetrate into CNS
(e) All the above
271. Competitive antagonists
271. Competitive antagonists
(a) Dissociate from receptors faster than their respective agonists
(b) Alter the shape of the log dose response curve of an agonist
(c) According to the rate theory have low dissociation rate constants
(d) Initiate the opposite cellular response to receptor occupancy to that obtained by the agonist
(e) All the above
272. A non-competitive antagonist
272. A non-competitive antagonist
(a) Alters the mechanism of action of an agonist
(b) Alters the potency of an agonist
(c) Shifts the dose-response curve of an agonist to the right
(d) Decreases the maximum response to an agonist
(e) None of the above
273. Repeated administration of a drug may
273. Repeated administration of a drug may
(a) Increase its own metabolism
(b) Increase the metabolism of other drugs
(c) Increase the metabolism of endogenous compounds
(d) All the above
(e) None of the above
274. Plasma concentration is useful for
274. Plasma concentration is useful for
(a) Drugs with high safety margin
(b) Drugs with low safety margin
(c) Drugs activated in the body
(d) Hit and run drugs
275. During competitive equilibrium type of antagonism
275. During competitive equilibrium type of antagonism
(a) Equilibrium constant (Km) is unchanged, but total number of binding sites (Vmax) is reduced
(b) Equilibrium constant (Km) is increased and total number of binding sites (Vmax) is reduced
(c) Equilibrium constant (Km) is increased and total number of binding sited (Vmax) remain unchanged
(d) None of the above
276. Addition of oxygen or negatively charged radical and removal of hydrogen or positively charged radical is known as
276. Addition of oxygen or negatively charged radical and removal of hydrogen or positively charged radical is known as
(a) Reduction
(b) Oxidation
(c) Acetylation
(d) Hydrolysis
(e) None of the above
277. Pharmacopoeia includes list of established drugs and medicinal preparation with the description of their
277. Pharmacopoeia includes list of established drugs and medicinal preparation with the description of their
(a) Physical properties
(b) Identification test
(c) Purification test
(d) Potency test
(e) All the above
278. Claude Bernard is known as
278. Claude Bernard is known as
(a) Father of Medicine
(b) Father of Pharmacognosy
(c) Father of Polypharmacy
(d) Father of Pharmacology
(e) Father of Experimental Medicine
279. Oswald Schmiedeberg is known as
279. Oswald Schmiedeberg is known as
(a) Father of Medicine
(b) Father of Pharmacognosy
(c) Father of Polypharmacy
(d) Father of Pharmacology
(e) Father of Experimental Medicine
280. Catalytic conversion of GTP to GDP is carried out by _____ subunit of G-proteins
280. Catalytic conversion of GTP to GDP is carried out by _____ subunit of G-proteins
(a) α
(b) β
(c) γ
(d) All the above
281. Theophrastus is known as
281. Theophrastus is known as
(a) Father of Medicine
(b) Father of Pharmacognosy
(c) Father of Polypharmacy
(d) Father of Pharmacology
(e) Father of Experimental Medicine
282. Hippocrates is known as
282. Hippocrates is known as
(a) Father of Medicine
(b) Father of Pharmacognosy
(c) Father of Polypharmacy
(d) Father of Pharmacology
(e) Father of Experimental Medicine
283. When a drug lacking effect of its own increases the effects of the second active drug [0 +1= >1]; such an effect is called
283. When a drug lacking effect of its own increases the effects of the second active drug [0 +1= >1]; such an effect is called
(a) Additive effect
(b) Synergism
(c) Potentiation
284. When two drugs with the same effect produce an effect greater than the sum of the effects of individual drugs [1 + 1>2]; such an effect is called
284. When two drugs with the same effect produce an effect greater than the sum of the effects of individual drugs [1 + 1>2]; such an effect is called
(a) Additive effect
(b) Synergism
(c) Potentiation
285. Weak acids ionize more in
285. Weak acids ionize more in
(a) Alkaline pH
(b) Acidic pH
(c) Not dependent of pH
286. Theophylline has shorter half life in infants and children because
286. Theophylline has shorter half life in infants and children because
(a) Renal tubular secretory mechanism is deficient
(b) Immaturity of the nephron
(c) Immaturity of the blood-brain barrier
(d) Reduced plasma - protein binding
(e) Liver size larger on a body weight basis
287. An antagonist has
(a) Intrinsic activity and no affinity
(b) Only intrinsic activity and no affinity
(c) No intrinsic activity and no affinity
(d) Affinity same as agonist and devoid of intrinsic activity
(e) None of the above
288. Acetylcholine and atropine action on the muscarinic receptors is a classical example of
288. Acetylcholine and atropine action on the muscarinic receptors is a classical example of
(a) Competitive antagonism
(b) Non-competitive antagonism
(c) Non-equilibrium antagonism
(d) Physiological antagonism
(e) Chemical antagonism
289. Biological half-life of is calculated as
289. Biological half-life of is calculated as
(a) t ½ = 0.693 x CL/Vd
(b) t ½ = 0.693 x K/ln2
(c) t ½ = 0.693 x Vd/CL
(d) t ½ = 0.693 x ln2/K
(e) None of the above
290. Following statement is true regarding therapeutic index
290. Following statement is true regarding therapeutic index
(a) It is based on animal toxicity data
(b) It reflects forms of toxicity that are important clinically
(c) It takes into account idiosyncratic toxic reaction
(d) All the above
291. Ocuserts are
291. Ocuserts are
(a) Placed under the eyelid
(b) Intrauterine contraceptives
(c) Monoclonal antibodies
(d) None of the aboves
292. Nitroglycerin is given in angina pectoris by sublingual route because:
292. Nitroglycerin is given in angina pectoris by sublingual route because:
(a) Liver is by-passed
(b) Can be spat after desired effect
(c) Rapid absorption
(d) Non irritant and lipid soluble drug
(e) All the above
293. Volatile drug may be best administered by:
293. Volatile drug may be best administered by:
(a) Oral route
(b) Inhalation
(c) Sublingual route
(d) Intrathecal route
(e) Rectal route
294. A desired clinical response may be delayed altered or blocked by:
294. A desired clinical response may be delayed altered or blocked by:
(a) A drug that does not go into solution
(b) A drug that does not get to its site of action
(c) Abnormal pharmacogenetics
(d) Lack of absorption from site of administration
(e) All the above
295. Following compartment constitutes the largest percentage
(a) Plasma
(b) Intestinal fluid
(c) Intracellular fluid
(d) Fat
296. The duration of action of a drug is dependent of its
296. The duration of action of a drug is dependent of its
(a) Plasma and tissue binding
(b) Metabolism
(c) Tubular filtration and secretion
(d) All the above
297. When a drug has a low therapeutic index, that drug should be
297. When a drug has a low therapeutic index, that drug should be
(a) Used mostly orally
(b) Used mostly intravenously
(c) Considered a potentially toxic substance
(d) Given only in sub-milligram doses
298. A drug is being metabolized by zeroorder kinetics. This indicates that
298. A drug is being metabolized by zeroorder kinetics. This indicates that
(a) A constant amount of drug is being catabolised each hour
(b) A constant fraction of drug is being catabolised each hour
(c) A drug is water soluble substance
(d) The time required to catabolise half of the drug is independent of the initial concentration of the drug
299. Drugs interact with their receptors sites by forming
299. Drugs interact with their receptors sites by forming
(a) Ionic bonds
(b) Hydrogen bonds
(c) Van der Waals bond
(d) All the above
300. The main route of administration of a drug to produce a local effect is
300. The main route of administration of a drug to produce a local effect is
(a) Topical
(b) Oral
(c) Parenteral
ANSWER
251. c
ANSWER
251. c
252. a
253. d
254. b
255. d
256. b
257. d
258. f
259. c
260. b
261. a
262. d
263. c
264. b
265. c
266. d
267. c
268. d
269. d
270. e
271. c
272. d
273. d
274. b
275. c
276. b
277. e
278. e
279. d
280. a
281. b
282. a
283. c
284. b
285. a
286. e
287. d
288. a
289. c
290. a
291. a
292. e
293. b
294. e
295. c
296. d
297. c
298. a
299. d
300. a
261. a In G-protein coupled receptors, agonist-receptor complex enhances GTP binding to the α subunit, mainly by dissociating already bound GDP.
280. a The termination of agonist-receptor coupling in a G-protein-coupled receptor is because of conversion of GTP to GDP by a GTPase that is intrinsic to α subunit.
290. a Therapeutic index is the range between minimal and maximal concentration required to elicit desired response.
295. c intracellular fluid comprises 35%, whereas contribution of other compartments is far less e.g. plasma – 5%; interstitial fluid – 16%; fat – 20% and transcellular fluid – 2%.
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